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Kernel Mitigations: Raising the Bar

the exploit ↔ mitigation arms raceoverflowattackNX / DEPdefenseROP / ret2libcattackASLRdefenseinfo leakattackcanary / RELROdefenseCFI / CETattack
Each attack technique provoked a defense; each defense provoked a new attack.
Key Takeaway

No single defense stops exploitation; together they turn a one-step bug into a multi-stage chain (leak, then bypass, then execute).

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