Class 02 · KP 04 / 23

Region Permissions and Exploitation Relevance

Linux x86-64 process address space: the stack grows down, the heap grows up.

Key Takeaway

Code is normally r-x (not writable); data is normally rw- (not executable). Modern defenses (NX/DEP) enforce "W xor X" — pushing this distinction is why we later learn ROP.